Gender differences when attending a mirror tracing task

Gender differences when attending a mirror tracing task The purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses of speed and accuracy when practicing Mirror Tracing between men and women as well as the difference between genders with skill transferring when completing this task. The sample consisted of 243, 170 females and 73 males online and on campus university students who participated in the Mirror Tracing task for one week. Results indicated that as predicted, men were more accurate and faster than women when attending to the Mirror Tracing task. They also scored higher on skill transferring than women. It was concluded that men score higher on spatial tasks than women do, however the differences in spatial skills between men and women can be credited to learning. Each hemisphere of the brain specialise in different tasks, the left hemisphere is mostly responsible for linguistic functions while the right hemisphere is mainly responsible for complex visuo spatial analysis (OBoyle, Hoff Gill, 1995). The Mirror Tracing task has been studied for many years and is considered to be a study of trial and error (Ketterlinus, Sep31, Vol. 2 Issue 3, p200). Mirror Tracing has been used to study the differences between men and women, however as indicated by), the difference in spatial ability with genders can be attributed to learning (Halpern, 2000 Kimura, 1999). On average, females perform not as well as males in spatial abilities Spence et al. (2009), mirror tracing has become a very important and popular study to use when determining differences in abilities. Each spatial task focuses on different aspects of it, some focus on problem solving skills where others focus on mental orientation Spence et al. (2009). Mirror Tracing focuses on repetitive motions as participants are required to draw the same shape or shapes over a period of time by only looking in the mirror at it. Mirror Tracing has its limitations as it focus is mainly on a limited amount of shapes which with time and practice either gender can perform well. However it does measure the speed and accuracy of how the each gender (OBoyle, Hoff Gill, 1995). Past studies, such as O Boyle, Hoff Gill (1995), have come to a conclusion that males have excelled in spatial tasks more than females and determined that males are able to attend to this task with more accuracy than females. In this study the aim is to determine whether speed and accuracy differs between genders and to measure the differences in skill transferability of participants of different genders. It was predicted that males will be faster and more accurate when practising mirror tracing compared to females. It was also hypothesised that males will have a higher score with regards to skill transferability in terms of speed compared to females. Method Participants The sample consisted of 243, 170 females and 73 males online and on campus University students. The mean ages was 21.85 (SD = 5.8). All participants participated in the Mirror Tracing task for one week. Materials Mirror tracing skills transferability of this skill in males and females was determined using a Mirror Tracing exercise. Each participant was provided with instructions on how to complete the Mirror Tracing exercise and experimental material with star and face shapes in it. Each participant had to use a mirror, pen or pencil, cardboard or similar to block the view and a clock or stopwatch. Finally each participant was also provided a summary of results sheet to note down their individual results. To accurately score and record the results, participants had to count how many times they touched the line and count that as one error, each time they went over the line was counted as two errors and any breaks in the line were counted as one error. Procedure Before filling out the summary of results sheet, all participants were informed of the following: the purpose of the study, nature of the study, anonymity and provided with information of how to do the Mirror Tracing task. Participants completed the task either online or on a paper copy and returned it to the tutor. The experimental material used was star and face shapes to measure speed, accuracy and skill transferability between men and women. Each participant had to trace one star and one face with each hand on day 1. For the next five days each participant had to trace four star using each hand and on day 7 trace a final face and star with each hand. To complete this task, the participants had to place the sheet with the shape on it on a table with a mirror in front of it still being able to see their hand in it. They then had to hold the cardboard above the shape, check and record the time and start tracing it. This had to be done with both hands. The participants had to record the time it took them to complete the activity on the Summary of Results sheet and return it to the tutor once completed. Results There was very little mean difference in the mirror tracing exercise for day 2 day 6 between men and women in regards to speed and errors, however the results indicate that men tend to be quicker and more accurate than women in this spatial task. The results indicate that as predicted, men were slightly quicker and accurate than women when attempting the mirror tracing exercise as indicated in Table 1 and 2 below. Initially on day 2, women were quicker at the exercise than men and for both participants, the speed did increased and errors decreased as the days went on, however the results for males are somewhat higher than females. The Standard Deviation for both is also very similar as indicated in Table 1 and 2 below. Table 1 Means and Standard Deviation of the Mirror Tracing Task Day 2 Day 6 for speed between men and women Report Gender practice2_time practice3_time practice4_time practice5_time F Mean 112.8293 100.7399 91.6370 84.5834 N 167 167 167 167 Std. Deviation 75.29216 64.04660 58.79142 49.88509 M Mean 130.1631 107.9093 100.1247 86.8376 N 72 71 72 71 Std. Deviation 82.41461 76.36392 82.37136 54.71729 Total Mean 118.0512 102.8787 94.1940 85.2558 N 239 238 239 238 Std. Deviation 77.74119 67.86959 66.70926 51.26775 Notes: F = Females; M = Males Table 2 Means and Standard Deviation of the Mirror Tracing Task Day 2 Day 6 for accuracy between men and women Report Gender practice2_errors practice3_errors practice4_errors practice5_errors F Mean 30.4850 24.7425 20.7844 18.1138 N 167 167 167 167 Std. Deviation 19.70134 15.14626 14.24574 13.26624 M Mean 29.0833 25.1408 22.0000 20.2394 N 72 71 72 71 Std. Deviation 21.73512 19.37546 17.47916 15.56137 Total Mean 30.0628 24.8613 21.1506 18.7479 N 239 238 239 238 Std. Deviation 20.29945 16.48019 15.26442 13.99079 Notes: F = Females; M = Males The results for males for skill transferability in terms of speed when drawing the star shape were longer on day 1 however became shorter on day 7 compared to the females results. When drawing the face shape, males only have a slight difference in speed compared to women. The Standard Deviation and mean does not appear to have much of a difference in both results for both genders. The Tables below will demonstrate the results for both genders and both shapes. The results indicate that males score higher than females for skill transferability in terms of speed. Table 1 Means and Standard Deviation of the Mirror Tracing Task Day 1 Day 7 for speed between men and women Star Shape Report Gender Star_day1_time F Mean 155.9722 N 168 Std. Deviation 80.94931 M Mean 183.7635 N 72 Std. Deviation 94.60747 Total Mean 164.3096 N 240 Std. Deviation 86.02650 Notes: F = Females; M = Males Table 2 Means and Standard Deviation of the Mirror Tracing Task Day 1 Day 7 for speed between men and women Face Shape Report Gender day1_eyes_time DAY7_EYES_TIME day1_beard_time DAY7_BEARD_TIME day1_lips_time F Mean 68.9262 44.2241 50.1544 34.7455 39.1005 N 170 169 169 168 170 Std. Deviation 69.00433 33.65402 50.52303 35.44573 60.49047 M Mean 73.8775 43.9458 51.7029 32.9751 37.2300 N 72 72 73 73 72 Std. Deviation 38.01924 20.52175 28.36886 20.76469 24.18248 Total Mean 70.3993 44.1410 50.6215 34.2092 38.5440 N 242 241 242 241 242 Std. Deviation 61.40059 30.28893 44.94811 31.69008 52.33488 Notes: F = Females; M = Males Discussion The results of the study support both of the hypotheses for speed, accuracy and skill transferability between men and women. There are slight differences that are noticeable in mean and Standard Deviation in both men and women. The accuracy has improved over time for both genders however there was not a noticeable difference between them. Both genders also improved on their speed over the course of this task, however males did become faster than women when completing this task. As per Spence et al. (2009), the differences in spatial abilities between genders can be credited to learning. As identified by Voyer, Voyer and Bryden (1995), men tend to do better in performing some spatial tasks compared to women Spence et al. (2009), and according to this study men did perform better than women. Women tend to do better than men in tests of perceptual speed (Kimura 1992), verbal fluency and precision motor control, while males excel on some spatial tasks (OBoyle, Hoff Gill, 1995). The aim of this study was to determine whether speed and accuracy differs between genders and whether the difference in skill transferability of participants is different between genders. The results indicate that there is a difference in speed and accuracy between men and women when attending to spatial tasks. Men also tend to be able to score higher on skill transferability compared to women. These findings support the findings of O Boyle, Hoff and Gill (1995). There were some issues identified with this study that may have affected the results. The data was collected after a week with no guarantee that the off campus students have not falsified their results. There is no way of tracking who actually did the task accurately and who made up their results. Another issue that was identified was that the results were due on a certain date and were then extended, however the submission area was not changed and all results were to be sent to the Tutor. Some students were late with their submissions and the results were released late, which minimised the time other students got to write up the report. Overall, the results supported both hypotheses which indicated that men would generally be faster and more accurate than women when attending to the Mirror Tracing task as well as score higher on the skill transferability with spatial tasks. The aims of this report were also met as it has demonstrated the differences in gender with regards to speed and accuracy as well as the differences with skill transferability in genders.