A Class Struggle in Desperate Times Essay Example for Free

A Class Struggle in Desperate Times EssayJohn Steinbecks romance authorise The Grapes of Wrath is a stratum which depicts the spirit and dignity of a person during the most desperate of situations. The saucy is a fictional account of the life of the Joad family on their way to the Promised get to of California from the Dust Bowl in Oklahoma during the 1930s (Steinbeck 2). The family, similar to several some other sharecroppers and farmers living in Arkansas, Texas, Oklahoma, and other states at the clock time of the dust bowl and the Great Depression were forced to leave their set ashores (Steinbeck 3). When it was first published in April 14, 1939, it quickly became a bestselling novel (Steiner 2).Although there were those who criticized the novel for apparently being basically sentimental and still others dismissed it as another example of social journalism or documentation more than it is a novel, most critics recognize the literary value of Steinbecks work. In fact, the author even received a Pulitzer Prize for his work the following year (Steiner 2). The novel is an attack on capitalism as it is about the plight of the migrant workers. It condemned cruel industrialism and monopoly capitalism (Choi 90). The theme of finding a home entwined with the political issues of the time is of the essence.This is because even though the story primarily has a political undertone, the author nevertheless explores the reason behind the migration of people, how they struggle to find their new homes while want to find out how it can really be done. The novel was written at a time the United States was struggling to survive a abidebreaking economic depression (Steinbeck 3). People all over the country have practically lost everything they own. The farming areas located at the Midwest experienced the worst consequence of such crisis. Soil depletion was brought about by poor farming practices.As a result, farmers who depend on it for survival were forced to s eek for other ways to support their families. Moreover, the prices as well as markets for the crops have dropped. These events produced a significant change in agriculture of the region. Small farm lands merged with large and more commercial ones. Manual labor has been replaced by mechanical means. The country experienced dry soil erosion brought about by mighty speck blows and endured serious food crisis during middle part of the 1930s. The condition produced what came to be known as the dust bowl in Colorado, Kansa, Texas, and Oklahoma.The farmers together with their families were driven out of the land they depend on for years of survival. They traveled all the way to California, whose fertile land presents the promise of a better life. Unfortunately, life in the so-called Promised Land has not been good to them either. They suffered oppression, resentment, low wages, and unemployment. They were accused as communist in a land they counted on to rescue them from the ill-fated li fe they left back home (Steinbeck 3). Steinbeck traveled with the migrants to gain a first-hand experience of the unfortunate life they had to live.In writing the novel, the author sought more than just to illustrate the phase struggle at the time of the Great Depression. He even presented a critical analysis of the policies that had been the root cause of their misfortune. In this regard, the characters portrayed in the story usually come out as classic heroes or romanticized models. He did this on purpose instead of utilizing his characters to investigate the individual human psyche. Rather, he presents his characters as personification of the universal struggles and principles of the human race.Hence, The Grapes of Wrath serves as an account of the Great Depression as it was an assessment of the social and fiscal system that contributed to the emergence of this picky period in American history. Works Cited Choi, Jungsun. John Steinbecks Grapes of Wrath Home-Seeking and the Ambi guity of the Ending. Journal of British American Studies 14 (2006) 89-110. Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York Penguin, 2002. Steiner, Bernd. A visual modality of John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath. Munich GRIN Verlag, 2007.

Wal Mart s Competitive Advantage Essay Example for Free

Wal Mart s Competitive Advantage EssayWal-Mart, likely the nations near popular discounter, entered the foodstuff at the right clock time, when the barriers to entry were low-down. Benefiting from first mover advantage, Wal-Mart moved into marts that were not already served by competitors and was subject to set higher prices in these areas (6). Conversely, to compensate for low margins in areas heavily congested with competition, it cut apostrophizes (1). With an aim to offer low prices, the society soon learned that it needed to trim its expenses and establish itself as a lean organization, eventually softening to profitability and strong competitive advantage. Refer to Exhibit 1 for Wal-Marts successful performance, compared to the rest of the industry, as salubrious as the sections below for an explanation by expense item.Cost of Goods SoldInventory logistics were positive. Turnover exceeded 4.5 in the mid-1980s, well above that of competitors and trucks were 60% ful l on backhauls (4). In addition, getting in the forefront of technology allowed for lower overhead costs. The drug abuse of UPC scanning increased from 25 stores in 1983 to 91 stores in 1984 and 235 stores in 1985 (5). Even though the Company catered to a vast market, offering 36 merchandise departments across 70,000 SKUs, it was able to remain highly organized with a computerized corpse to track inventory, which set itself apart from its peers, as well as a central computer at headquarters, which was updated on a weekly basis (5), the verity of which led to efficiencies.The Company shopped around with its vendors, using around 3,000 of them, taking no more than a fifth of its volume from any one vendor (3). In 1984, the cost of inbound logistics was 50% that of the industry at 2.8% of sales (4). Still, Wal-Marts cost of goods sold was almost 2% higher than the industry average of 71.9%. given over the lack of distributors who would be able to offer competitive pricing, Wal-Mart built its own store in 1970. By the mid-1980s, Wal-Marts five distribution centers served the rapidly expanding issue of stores over 850 stores, meanwhile racking on steep upfront expenditures.Operating ExpensesPayroll ExpenseThe Company was able to minimize employee costs by give low wages (7), meanwhile keeping employees happy, in hopes of avoiding turnover costs. In 1984, Wal-Marts salary expense was approximately 1% lower than that of the industry. Unlike its competitors, the Companys 12 regional VPs all lived in surrounding areas, enabling intimate visibility over a relatively smaller geographic network, which lastly saved the Company about 2% of sales by not having to set up regional offices. However, contrary to intuition, this decrease in expenses did not adversely impact anyone at the Company. Instead, the offsetting increase in costs resulted in a company-wide benefit as Wal-Mart offered profit sharing, employee stock purchase plans, bonuses, and rewards for low shrin kage.With its people-focused initiatives, Wal-Mart was able to use intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to show employees how much they were appreciated. There was a huge emphasis on communication as management strived to be as transparent as possible with lower direct staff. For example, executives came into the office for meetings on Saturdays, then disseminated the latest updates downward, starting with the regional managers, district managers, store managers, and so forth. With its attractive CEO, who kept a pledge to put on a grass skirt and dance hula on Wall Street to celebrate the achievement, Wal-Mart was able to distinguish itself and was named one of the 100 best companies to work for in the United States (7-8).Advertising ExpenseRefer to Exhibit 1 for a high level summary, as well as Exhibit 2 for a more detailed breakdown, of the Companys advertising expense compared to the higher industry average. Marketers fixed a heavy emphasis on low prices with tag lines such as w e sell for less (5) or everyday low prices (6). As expected, the cost of advertising was directly correlated with the launch of new stores (6), as well as the location of those stores (i.e. cosmopolitan areas would be more costly) after entering a new area and establishing itself, Wal-Mart would then scale back advertising in that area. Branded merchandise, which made up the bulk of the inventory, was mostly nationally advertised (5), thereof promptly building brand awareness among consumers.Rental ExpenseRental expense at Wal-Mart was 0.3% lower than that of the industry. A large part of this was attributable to the occurrence that Wal-Mart did not permanently lock itself down to a certain location of the 859 stores in the mid-1980s, 812 were leased. With the flexibility to move during flourishing times, the size of an average Wal-Mart store went from 42,000 unbowed feet in 1975 to 57,000+ square feet in 1985 (3). In addition, the Company made a smart decision to stay out of lo cations that could not be expanded, again showing the Companys long-term, instead of short-term, mindset.Counter-Intuitive ComparisonsAfter further analysis of Wal-Marts costs in 1984, we encountered findings in the data that was counter-intuitive to the costs that we would expect to see from the most successful discount retailer of its time. Naturally, the area in which we would expect Wal-Mart to exhibit higher than average cost savings compared to the industry average would be in Cost of Goods Sold. However in 1984, Wal-Marts COGS at 73.8% was almost 2% higher than the industry average. As mentioned above, Wal-Marts system contained over 70,000 SKUs, a morsel larger than most other discount retailers which would lead one to believe that a high volume discounter like Wal-Mart would achieve economies of scale to bring on a COGS lower than the industry average.Next, due to Wal-Marts efficient distribution network, inventory did not back up in storage as quickly as other retailers . Wal-Mart boasted inventory turn 4.5 times in the mid-1980s, which was higher than the industry average. With reduced inventory levels due to the speed at which Wal-Mart was selling its inventory, this would lead one to believe that there would be a smaller amount of ending inventory to subtract from beginning and purchased inventory.ExpansionBeing the first warehouse club to solicit and introduce the concept in a market can be a major competitive advantage (9). As a result of the distinctive features mentioned above, Wal-Mart was able to set itself apart from its peers and rise to the top of the industry. In 1984, it started to diversify by starting three new ventures, the most worthy of which wassurface-to-air missiles, a warehouse club. The Company expanded from three stores in 1983 to 11 stores in 1984 and 23 stores in 1985. It took what it learned from the Wal-Mart venture and applied it to Sams accordingly.ConclusionOver the years, Wal-Marts success grew and it distinguished itself from its competitors, thus enabling the Company to expand its operations and diversify into the warehouse club market with the now-renown Sams Club. David Glass (later Wal-Marts president and chief operating officer) summarized the Companys history best when he said We are unendingly pushing from the inside out.We never jump and then backfill. (3) Instead of becoming greedy and aggressively dominating the market, the Company did so steadily over time by not taking on more than it could handle, the Company was able to strategically position itself. In the years to follow, Wal-Marts market value was twice that of its competitor, K mart, even though it was a third as large.

Calcutta University Essay Example for Free

Calcutta University EssayIt is a great pleasure for one who engages oneself in writing a come in the first place of this nature relating to a noble cause cause of spreading pedagogy in a region suffering from m all(prenominal) shortcomings in the field of higher(prenominal) education. North Bengal as a region is full of rich social systems with diversified cultural heritage and plainly by dint of proper educational facilities burn down these sociocultural diversities be made cognise to other parts of this country. With this definite purpose in view, our University started imparting higher education through and through the Distance study humour a mode hitherto unpractised and untested. As the seat for higher learning in this vast region, is well aware of its social lading commitment to reach every nook and corner with the lamp of education. We believe and it is admitted that Universities and other disciplineal Institution should play the role of a catalyst for socia l adjustment which is again dependent on large scale participation of the young people in the policy formulation process, may be directly or indirectly. In fact, with this end in view, the University decided and decided rightly, to open the door of higher education to the lakhs of young but aspiring people in this region.It is really heartening to none that the response the University has received and is receiving is simply everywherewhelming. It shows that the purpose of offering education through Distance Education mode is not only confirm but alike relevant. Distance Education programme which is being carried through the board of directors of Distance Education, University of North Bengal nominatenot be successful without the support and cooperation from all sections of the population. such(prenominal) an attempt by University runs on a reciprocal basis a reciprocity which can build a solid foundation in this respect.The University should be considered as a rallying poin t around which all the education loving people of different cross section of the society should come closer. The enterprise is loaded with ambition the idea of making a brighter tomorrow. What is needed is the application of take inive wisdom and in this respect, our region does not, in any way, lag behind. true effort and dedication will ultimately win. Prof. Pradip Kumar Sengupta Director 5 6 TH E C O LLEG E STU D Y C EN TR ES Balurghat College Distance Education Centre P. O. Balurghat, Dt.Dakshin Dinajpur, stick 733 ci Co-ordinator Shri Purushottam Haldar, Department Of Chemistry Phone (03522) 255392 (O)/ 257521 (R) Jalpaiguri A. C. College Distance Education Centre P. O. Dt. Jalpaiguri, PIN 735 101 Co-ordinator Dr. Dhiraj Kumar Basak, Reader in Physics Phone (03561) 255554 (O), 255861 (R) Kurseong College Distance Education Centre P. O. Kurseong, Dt. Darjeeling, PIN 734 203 Co-ordinator Sri Rohit Sharma, Senior Lecturer in Commerce Phone (0354)2344223(O), 2330196 (R) .Malda College Distance Education Centre P.O. Dt. Malda, PIN 732 101 Co-ordinator Md. Jafrullah, Selection Grade Lecturer in Accountancy Phone (03512) 220807 (O), 250175 (R) Raiganj College (University College) Distance Education Centre P. O. Raiganj, Dt. Uttar Dinajpur, PIN 733 134 Co-ordinator Dr. Chinmoy Basu, Reader in Physics Phone (03523) 252564 (O), 253733 (R) Siliguri College Distance Education Centre P. O. Siliguri, Dt. Darjeeling, PIN 734 401 Co-ordinator Prof. Mrinal Kanti Ghosh, Reader in Physics Phone (0353) 2436590 (O), 2512770 (R) University B.T. Evening College Distance Education Centre P. O. Dt. Cooch Behar, PIN 736 101 Co-ordinator Sri Aniruddha Burmon, Lecturer in English Phone (03582) 222714 (O), 226729 (R) Dambar Singh Degree College, Gangtok, Sikkim Sri Suresh Chettri, Lecturer in -charge Phone- (03592) 281743 7 1. THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL The University of North Bengal was established by an Act of the westbound Bengal Legislative Assembly in November 1962 and affiliated to the University Grants Commission under section 2(f) 12(B).It was assigned the mandate during the cartroad of its establishment of providing teaching, training and research in mingled branches of advanced learning and promoting the dissemination of knowledge to fulfill growing socioeconomic and technical manpower needfully in the six northern districts of West Bengal known as North Bengal and the neighbouring state of Sikkim. The campus occupies an area of about 330 acres, 9 km outside Siliguri Town, the gate way of North East India and Bagdogra Airport, the only Air port wine in North Bengal in the Terai region of Darjeeling district.The University Act was revised under West Bengal Act of XXV of 1981 and it came into force with effect from September 16, 1981. The University has play a pioneering role since inception in spreading higher education and inculcating scientific attitudes within the predominantly rural areas that comprise its vast jur isdictional territory. Well over 36,000 undergraduate students and over cl0 postgraduate students and scholars now enroll at different courses under the formal system of the University during any given up year.Besides the territory under its immediate jurisdiction, the University in any case gets students and scholars from adjoining areas in Bihar and the North Eastern states of the country, as also from SAARC countries like Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal. Several pioneering contributions made by researchers at the university deplete contributed to wider accord of the special problems that confront the Eastern Himalayan and sub-Himalayan region and have provided practical inputs for current developmental interventions in the region.The University offers courses in various disciplines under the faculties of Arts, Commerce Law, acquirement and in Medicine through its 73 Under potash alum Colleges including Engineering, Pharmacy, Medicine, Dentistry, Management and 21 Post Graduat e Departments and 12 Centres. A part from the traditional programmes, the University has played a pioneering role in launching various professional job-related courses to help students interested in acquiring special skills to enhance their learning and earning capabilities.Besides the University is also offering various courses under the Distance Education mode to cater to the needs of further education of thousands of deserving students, particularly in remote areas through its Directorate of Distance Education. 2. THE DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION The Directorate of Distance Education of the University of North Bengal was established in the year 2000 by a decision of the Executive Council of the University. It has introduced M. A. / M. Sc. / Bridge Courses in Bengali, 8 English, Nepali, History, Political Science, doctrine and Mathematics under the Distance Education mode.It has also introduced B. A. (General) course at the Under Graduate level under the same mode. So far th e Directorate has developed College Study Centres (see section 5 for details) in any one of which a nominee can pursue distance learning according to his/ her convenience. 3. OBJECTIVES OF THE DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSES The main objective of the Distance Education is to widen the base of higher education among students who do not get opportunities to avail such education in the formal sector through admission as regular students in a University. Distance Learning or teaching through Distance Education courses is now a popular mode.It is recognized as an effective method of management in all advanced countries of the world. In the fast developing socio-economic milieu of today, educational facilities need constant refurbishing and augmentation. It is now acknowledged by the academics of all sunglasses that it is learning, which is important, and not the channel or the process through which one gets enrolled for education. The educational system in India has been transforming from time to time taking into consideration the socio- political needs and economic conditions of the society.Although the contribution to several of branches of learning by the conventional educational system cannot be underestimated, the fact remains that education through the formal mode is accessible only to a few. The distance or open educational system has become an alternative mode of imparting instruction and has been meeting the ask for education of millions of people at different levels. It is an effort not only to solve the problem of over crowding in our educational institutions but also to equip the community with tools and skills to gain professional competence.However, every system has its own limitations and similarly every branch of study can not be undetermined through its system. Realizing the importance of the system the University of North Bengal has opened up its gate to this system of study to selected branches of disciplines at the PostGraduate level only at th e sign stage. Later on it has introduced the same at Under-Graduate level within the given constraints. It may be noted that the Government of West Bengal has issued Order/ Notifications to the effect that Degrees obtained through Distance Education/ Correspondence modes shall be treated on a par with those in the formal/regular modes.The University Grants Commission has also recognized this course on a par with regular courses. 4. ELIGIBILITY FOR ENROLMENT B. A. (General) Any person having passed Higher Secondary (10+2) or equivalent interrogatory from any recognized mesa/ Council of Higher Education are suitable for adjustment provided he/she has obtained qualifying mark in each of minimum five root words. The enrolled students shall be eligible to progress at the Part I/ II examination in the year corresponding to the regular students. A candidate securing at least 30% tag at the B. A.Part -I examination in each subject and in the aggregate 9 shall be eligible to appear at the B. A. Part-ll examination. Elective subjects to be offered other than compulsory subjects at the B. A. (General) course are Bengali, English, Nepali, Political Science, History, Sociology, Education and Philosophy. Bridge Course Any graduate in the B. A. / B. Sc. (pass) (10+2+2 Pattern) from any recognized University is eligible for enrolment to this course provided that anyone of the subjects describeed below must have been studied in the graduation level as an elective subject.Subjects Bengali, English, Nepali, Political Science, History, Philosophy Mathematics. B. A. / B. Sc. (Honours) graduates (10+2+3 pattern/ equivalent) who have not studied any of those subjects as an elective subject in the third year but only in previous years are also eligible for enrolment. Duration of the course is one year. A candidate securing at least 34% label shall be eligible for enrolment at the Post-Graduate Part I on that subject under Distance Education mode. 5.ENROLMENT SCHEDULE Ca ndidates are involve to submit the Application form for enrolment at the Directorate in the prescribed application form either in person or by post along with prescribed fee in cash in the University cash counter/ S. B. I. NBU Campus Branch counter or demand draft worn-out in spare of the University of North Bengal on S. B. I, N. B. U. Campus Branch. Besides, candidates may also submit the Application form for enrolment along with prescribed fee through a crossed demand draft drawn in favour of the University of North Bengal payable at S. B. I, N. B. U. Campus Branch at N. B. U.Calcutta Camp Office, S-2/ 1, flat No. 1, sphere III, Block FC, Shrabani Abashan, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700 091 and the succeeding(a) colleges Balurghat College, Malda College, Raiganj College (University College), Siliguri College, Kurseong College, Ananda Chandra College, Jalpaiguri a University B. T and Evening College, Coochbehar and Dambar Singh Degree College, Gangtok. Prescribed Application Form a nd Prospectus will also be acquirable in these colleges and N. B. U. Calcutta Camp Office on payment of price of application Form and Prospectus through a crossed demand draft following the procedure mentioned earlier.6. FEE STRUCTURE (IN RS. ) Particulars B. A. Part -I 200 3,000 500 50 150 200 B. A. Part II 200 2,000 500 150 150 Bridge Course 200 2,500 500 50 150 200 Enro1rolment Fee Cost of Study Material Examination Fee Identity cod Centre Fee Diploma Fee accommodation Fee* 10 Late Fee Other Fees Examination reappearance Fee Defaulters Fee for not completing students sheets (assignment) Response 100 100 100 500 500 500 500 500 500 *For students other than North Bengal University. All fees shall be payable in one installment at the time of enrolment.Additional fees (if applicable) are to be paid at the time of filling up of the examination forms. Note In cases where application forms are downloaded from Universitys Website, the candtdate have to deposit Rs. 200/- in cash or through Bank Draft as fee for application and prospectus. 7. MODE OF PAYMENT All payments should be made through a crossed Demand Draft drawn in favour of the University of North Bengal payable at State Bank of India, N. B. U. Campus Branch. Payments may also be paid in cash in the Cash Counter of the University pay Branch and State Bank of India, N. B.U.Campus Branch. 8. MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION Study materials will be supplied to the students either in Bengali or English at their filling mentioned in the application form for enrolment but one can write both in Bengali, English or Nepali on his/her declaration papers in the examinations and also on assignment sheets, subject to the condition that only one particular language shall be used during examination. 9. SYLLABUS The syllabi to be followed in the B. A. (General) course under Distance Education mode shall be similar to the regular B. A. (General) courses in the subjects concerned.For Bridge courses, the syllabi will be supplied to the enrolled students. Qualifying marks for appearing/taking the B. A. (General) part II examination are similar to that of the regular students. A candidate is requisite to complete the course in utmost four academic years from the date of joining to this course. Those who will not be able to complete the course within four years shall have to re-register as fresh candidates. 11 10. METHOD OF INSTRUCTION Study Material Instruction/Course Materials for each paper will normally be forthcoming from the college Study Centres as per choice of the students.Enrolment cards of the students will be dispatched to the students by post. Those intending to collect enrolment cards in person may collect the same from the Directorate of Distance Education. Assignments There shall be assignments for every paper both for Part I Part II examinations carrying 15% marks. Candidates shall be required to complete the respective assignments and send it to the competent authority by po st or in person within the stipulated time. There shall be two casual assignments for each paper, the best of which in terms of marks shall be counted.The same is applicable for Bridge Course students. Personal clutch Programmes (PCP) Personal rival Programmes (PCP) to be organized in the colleges mentioned in item 5 or elsewhere within North Bengal will involve interaction with the teachers/counsellors. Duration of Personal Contact Programmes will normally be 8 10 days each for B. A. (General) Part I, Part II Bridge Course. PCPs may be organized in College Study Centres other than that where a candidate has taken admission in cases whose subject wise clusters of Colleges have been made due to insuffiency of students in a subject at a College Study Centre.Personal Contact Programmes shall be compulsory for a candidate for appearance at a University examination. 11. EXAMINATIONS Examination Forms for all the courses shall be displace to the concerned students with all releva nt information well in advance from the Controller of Examinations. The students shall have to fill the Examination Form as per given instructions and send the same to the university along with the Demand Draft of all fees by Registered Post so as to reach the University before the specified date. tackle wittinesss shall be issued to the candidates along with theprogramme schedule well in advance of commencement of the examinations. 12. SCHEME OF EXAMINATION B. A. (General) Part I and Part II Examinations will be held at the end of second year and third year respectively. Examination for Bridge Courses in Bengali, Nepali, English, History, Political Science, Philosophy, Mathematics will be held at the end of the course (one-year). 12 13. AWARD OF CLASS/ DIVISION Students will be awarded Class/ Division as per rules of the University applicable for the Regular Courses. 14.RULES FOR adaptation/ MIGRATION CERTIFICATE The candidates who have obtained their Graduate/ Post graduate D egrees of North Bengal University and have not migrated to any other University will be required to mention the Registration Number along with the session. Candidates who are from outside North Bengal University shall be required to submit Migration Certificate in Original at the time of enrolment. Otherwise the enrolment shall remain as provisional upto two months, after which the Directorate of Distance Education reserves the right to cancel the enrolment without any financial indebtedness on its part.15. ENROLMENT/ROLL NUMBER Every candidate who is admitted to the Directorate shall be assigned an Enrolment/ Roll No. which shall be valid during the correct period of the course when he/ she continues to be a student of the Directorate of Distance Education. In all communications address to the Directorate, the student must mention his/ her Enrolment/ Roll No. in full. Correspondence without the Enrolment no. will entail delays and difficulties both to the Directorate and the stud ents and at times the office may not be in position to respond. 16.IDENTITY CARD The Directorate shall supply each candidate an Identity Card. The blank Identity Card sent with Prospectus containing the Application Form must be filled up properly. The particulars may be attested by a College/ University Teacher/ Officer. The Identity Card must be preserved till completion of the course. This Card must be produced whenever required by the authorities and at the time of Personal Contact Programme (PCP), University examination and other purposes.The candidate shall be responsible for the safe-keeping of the I. D.card ,the loss of which must be reported to the local police station before a duplicate card will be issued. A mutilated card must be replaced by paying requisite fees. 17. DOCUMENTS TO BE connect WITH THE APPLICATION FORM FOR ADMISSION The following documents must be attached with the Application Form and any lapse in this connection may pass on in the delay in finalization of the admission process 13 a) Prescribed fees by Demand Draft in favour of North Bengal University payable at State Bank of India, North Bengal University Campus Branch. b) Original proof for date of Birth i. e.Admit Card/ Certificate (M. P. / H. S. or equivalent), Marksheets, University Registration Certificate, other testimonials (to be returned on the same date) and attested copies of them is to be submitted. Original documents will be returned by post after the admission to the students who apply by post. The same can also be collected in person. c) Migration Certificate in original from the University studied (if applicable). The Migration Certificate shall not be returned. d) Recent stamp size photographs of the candidates (not to be attested) are to be pasted on the application form and on the Identity Card. 18.GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS a) If a candidate desires to obtain Migration Certificate from the Directorate of Distance Education by discontinuation of study, all the presc ribed fees including those for the Part II course shall have to be paid. There shall not be any fee concession to any category of students. Fee once paid by the candidate will neither be refunded nor adjusted. b) Candidates are not eligible for concessional Bus Fare Bus). (University c) If any of the dates mentioned in the Notification/ Circular etc. happen to be a holiday/ bandh, the relevant documents shall be accepted on the next working day.d) At the backside of the Demand Draft all particulars of the candidate must be provided. 19. CONTACT ADDRESS All correspondences should be addressed to The Director Directorate of Distance Education University of North Bengal Raja Rammohunpur P. O. North Bengal University Dt. Darjeeling, PIN 734 430 West Bengal, India Phone (0353) 2582116/ 2582117/ 2582218 Fax 0353 2581546 Visit us at http//dddnbu. tripod. com electronic mailemailprotected com 14 NBU Kolkata Camp Office S-2/1, Sector 3, Block FC, Shrabani Abasan, Salt Lake, Kolkata-91 . Ph. No. (033) 23371836. 15 16.

Amazon Supply Chain Management and Logistics Management

amazon Supply image Management and Logistics ManagementThe strip study I have chosen for my topic is on AMAZON.COM, the area where I would be focusing is on the core concept of e- crease and the benefits it provide in effect in adopting e- tot up strand strategies. The main focus here in on the word e-as it has change the way of doing business in a global environment. Therefore, engineering here plays a vital role in expanding new areas for businesses and enabling organizations to minimize their appeals and work more precisely and effectively. Internet has made the institution a sm on the whole village for customers as now customers from crossways the man slew assess any product of their choice by one twaddle of mouse. Internet is world of opportunities as I come across a statement given by Tony Blair (UKs X Prime Minister),If you dont see the Internet as an opportunity, it will be a threat. (Financial Times, 1999) (Barnes 2001)Furthermore, this paper would be focusing on Amazons history and background, and then the focus would be on the product and services Amazon is go to its customers, the practice of yield set up at bottom the company and its customers. The paper also comprises of the benefits of e-business Amazon is providing to the customers effectively as well as importance of logistics in fulfillment of supply chain system through with(predicate)out the supply chain.Background of Amazon.ComAmazon.Com was launched on 16th July 1995 by Jeff Bezos known as pioneer in e-commerce (R. Spector 2000) with a tag line under the alphabet A Earths Biggest Bookstore and is based in Seattle. At the beginning the web page was designed for selling books with a message at the top of the website Welcome to Amazon.com Books Search one million titles. Enjoy consistently low prices. (R.Spector, 2000). At Present the company is providing three simple customer sets consumers, Sellers, and developers. The general idea behind Amazon was to serve as many custo mers as possible with variety of products that the volume of business would generate wage for Amazon.com. (R.Saunders 2001). In the early phase of business the company agreed upon having a very little or no inventory due to prices elusive in keeping inventory.In the early nineties many traditional bricks-and-mortar retailers worked with their suppliers in accordance with the concept just-in-time delivery in fiat to keep the constitute of inventory low but Amazon followed almost-in-time delivery introduced by Barton Davis who was the second employee of the firm when Amazon started. (R.Spector,2000). This strategy meant that the books will be delivered to the customers after they rig it as they are not kept in the stock until a customer asks for it. At present Amazon have six warehouses where it stocks its inventory. As per the companys annual get over of 2009 it indicates that company is experiencing continuous improvement in customer services which is result of 15 years of p revious service like speeding delivery, reducing their cost structure in order to offer customers with ever lower cost prices. (J.P. Bezos 2010).Products and Services at AmazonAmazon started with selling of books by filling all orders of books by purchasing from a distributor in accordance with the orders given by customers. At Amazon they have a stock of bestselling books. Amazons main strategy is to keep on expanding the set of products and sell them online. In June 2002 Amazon became an authorized dealer of Sony Corp., selling sony products online (E. Turban, 2006). Apart from books Amazon has added many new product categories much(prenominal) as music, toys, electronics, jewelry, shoes and apparel (S.Chopra 2007). harmonize to the annual report of Amazon.Com (2009), it has added 21 new categories around the world which includes Automotive in Japan, Shoes and Apparel in China. Amazon web services as also launched new services and features which includes the Amazon Relational Dat abase Service, Virtual Private Cloud, Elastic MapReduce, High-Memory EC2 Instances and Versioning for Amazon S3. (J.P. Bezos.2010).Supply image Practices of Amazon.ComBefore we come to the supply chain practice of Amazon.Com its necessary to define Supply Chain Management, therefore supply chain management refersSupply chain management is a set of approaches utilized to efficiently integrate suppliers. Manufacturers, warehouses, and stores, so that merchandise is produced and distributed at the right quantities, to the right locations, and at the right time, in order to minimize systemwide cost while red-blooded service level requirement.. (D.S.Levi 2008, Pg.1).Now, after looking at the definition we come across the real meaning of supply chain management, therefore, if we look at supply chain of Amazon.Com it start from the customer and ends up to the customer meaning its a continuous process which starts when the customer for the offset printing time makes a request for any pro duct at Amazon, it directly goes into his virtual basket and after pressing the buy button and mode of allowance he selects a mode of delivery services which includes overnight and various international shipping options (R. Spector 2000). Amazon have a system where orders are recorded, registered and svelte and simultaneously, customer on the other hand is immediately apprised of the status of his order and how long will it take to ship the product with the amount of shipping costs involved in it (R. Saunders 2001).Inventory Management at Amazon.ComAmazon stocks best-selling books at its warehouses and get the other titles from other distributors or publishers. To deliver the products Amazon uses U.S. postal Services, UPS and FedEx to deliver the goods to the customers (S.Chopra 2007). Here we shtup see the importance of e-commerce in supply chain that how effectively organizations are trying to invest and find new opportunities through e-commerce especially in field of supply ch ain management. The supply chain of Amazon is very strong just because of responding quickly and accordingly to the customers specification on delivering the goods at the right time, at the right place and at the right price during the time specified According to the annual report 2009 of Amazon.Com, the inventories rose over 200,000 titles at the end of the year which enabled Amazon to improve the availability of products for their customers.Customer Relationship Management by Amazon.ComEvery business revolves around satisfying customers and enhancing their race for long term, the same implies with providing services on Internet or e-commerce, the general idea is to create a positive relationship with customers. The Internet has played an weighty role in making it possible for organizations to focus on building relationships with customers and having a direct contact with each customer (S. Barnes 2001). Therefore, businesses on internet can improve synchronization, two within an d across companies while providing a direct contact with end users. If we look at Amazon, it has build a strong relationship with all of its customers by clash up their expectations and trying to be more effective in going beyond their expectations. From the companys more than 80 million customers across the world, more than half are repeat buyers (R.Saunders 2001).The focus of Amazon was to offer customers compelling value from the beginning and to meet customers requirement 365 days a year. According to the annual report 2009 of Amazon.Com, Amazon has relied on Word of Mouth advertisement and to date it remains the most powerful tool in customer accomplishment because repeat purchasing and word of mouth has made Amazon to be a market leader in online bookselling. Therefore, it is important for retailers to emphasize on satisfying customers because this can enable them to move first time buyers to loyal customers. Bezos, the chairman of Amazon once said,A pool of evangelists will use the Internet as a megaphone to help attract new customers with word of mouth. (R.Saunders 2001, pg.102)Importance of Logistics in Supply Chain ManagementLogistics plays an important role in supply chain because it acts as a bridge or link between the entire processes of supply chain as it is the main source of delivering the products to the end consumers in a timely manner as and when required. There is a big challenge in logistics in managing the whole logistics system in order to meet the customer requirements, perhaps, exceeding customer expectations. In todays competitive world and speed of ordering via Internet intensify the need of effective logistics system in order to position appropriate levels of inventory, delivering the products within the promised time and also managing the returns if required.The role of Logistics in Supply chain implies in creating a place utility and in managing the time effectively, as place utility is provided through moving the goods from th e point of production to the point where demand exists, thus adding a economic value to the goods. Time utility is of greater essence as it is not necessary that the goods and services should only be available where customers need them but also that they are delivered when they actually demand them. These both activities are clearly seen in the case of Amazon.Com as both the services are effectively and efficiently performed by the organisation.Role of Logistics in Amazons Supply ChainThere has been a deep research done by different authors in order to find the secrets behind the success of a retail company, and that is offering the right products in the right location at the right time having the right packaging in the right quantity at a sensitive price to the right customer (R. Saunders 2001, pg. 119). This is one of the most core elements of any organisation and seems to be the most important objective in Amazons shipping as well because the strategy is to deliver the product s afely to the customer at the time specified. In the year 2000, Amazon developed a Delight-o-meter in order to track the total number of items ordered worldwide. Amazon got high marks in terms of delivering the products in time on holidays from all e-business and e-commerce magazines than other e-tailors companies of the world (R. Saunders 2001).Benefits of e-business in Supply ChainThe success of every retail and e-retail depends on providing quality products at good prices having in mind quality excellent services. unrivaled of the most important benefit that e-business is providing organizations is to reach hundreds of millions of people open 365/24/7 in just a click of mouse omitting all the barriers which employ to exists before. Companies with just a minimal capital requirement can easily and quickly reach to the best suppliers, unlimited customers and even most suitable business partners across the globe. This activity enables organizations to buy at cheaper rates and sell m ore in number of quantity.E-commerce plays a vital role in overcoming the inefficiencies in supply chain such as delivery delays and excessive inventories can be minimized. Furthermore EB also benefits in cost reduction like decreasing the cost of processing, distributing and storage activities (E. Turban 2006). Companies are now investing heavily in order to get the word E. Customers are getting the benefit due to intense competition and number of products available to them online, like with just a click of mouse a customer with saving a lot of time can easily gather information of the features and prices of a product and can easily arrange direct shopping sitting at home (S. Korper 2001). Amazon is a classical example of B2C, which means it remains between the seller and the buyer. The objective of B2C is to optimize the business relationships with customers, change magnitude service levels effectively and efficiently and lastly increasing the sales (E. Turban 2006).ConclusionTo sum up I would like to say that e-commerce and e-business play is a life blood of organizations, especially when I slop about Amazon.Com. A comprehensive research has been carried out through my research that how Amazon.Com has evolved its virtual door opened on the World Wide Web in July 1995. Furthermore, I would like to state that e-business plays an important role in managing the supply chain of Amazon.Com effectively and efficiently by offering customers what they are looking for and providing them their products within the time specified. Amazon.Com has become very successful in reducing its costs as well as increasing profitability effectively. The Amazon.Com leaves an example on how to do effective marketing on the Internet and satisfying customers.The role of e-business in expansion of businesses also play an important role as we see now every organisation whether big or small goes on the Web and offer their products or services on the web as well in order to grab million s of customer on the internet. E-commerce plays an important role in minimizing the costs throughout the supply chain and improves the level of service by meeting or exceeding customers expectations. At last but not the least, EC enables companies build a positive relationship with customers by providing direct services to the customers which in turn promotes better customer relationship management and increases customer loyalty.

Importance of chemical reactor

Importance of chemical reactorINTRODUCTIONThe most important unit operation in a chemical process is generally a chemical reactor. Chemical reactions be either exothermic (release energy) or endothermic (require energy input) and therefore require that energy either be removed or added to the reactor for a unbroken temperature to be maintained. Exothermic reactions are the most interesting systems to study because of potential safety problems (rapid increases in temperature, some meters called ignition demeanor) and the adventure of exotic air such as multiple steady-states (for the same value of the input variable there may be several possible set of the output variable).In this module we consider a short mixed, unbrokenly stirred tank reactor (CSTR), commemoraten in account 1. The sideslip of a single, first-order exothermic irreversible reaction, A B. We will show that very interesting behavior that can arise in such a simple system.In Figure 1 we see that a fluid st ream is continuously fed to the reactor and another fluid stream is continuously removed from the reactor. Since the reactor is perfectly mixed, the exit stream has the same c erstwhilentration and temperature as the reactor fluid. Notice that a ceiling surrounding the reactor also has feed and exit streams. The treetop is assumed to be perfectly mixed and at a lower temperature than the reactor. Energy then passes through and through the reactor walls into the jacket, removed the heat generated by reaction. there are many examples of reactors in industry similar to this one. Examples include various types of polymerization reactors, which produce polymers that are used in plastic products such as polystyrene coolers or plastic bottles. The industrial reactors typically name a bun in the oven more complicated kinetics than we study in this module, but the characteristic behavior is similar.The Modeling EquationsFor simpleness we assume that the cooling jacket temperature can b e directly manipulated, so that an energy balance around the jacket is not required. We also make the hobby assumptionsPerfect mixing (product stream set are the same as the bulk reactor fluid)Constant volumeConstant controversy valuesThe constant volume and parameter value assumptions can easily be relaxed by the reader, for further study.Parameters and VariablesA Area for heat exchangeCA Concentration of A in reactorCAf Concentration of A in feed streamcp Heat capacity (energy/mass*temperature)F Volumetric flowrate (volume/time)k0 Pre-exponential factor (time-1)R elevated gas constant (energy/mol*temperature)r Rate of reaction per unit volume (mol/volume*time)t TimeT Reactor temperatureTf Feed temperatureTj ceiling temperatureTref Reference temperatureU Overall heat expatriation coefficient (energy/(time*area*temperature))V Reactor volumeDE Activation energy (energy/mol)(-DH) Heat of reaction (energy/mol)r Density (mass/volume)The parameters and variables that will appear in the modeling equations are listedOverall material balanceThe rate of accumulation of material in the reactor is constitute to the rate of material in by flow-the material out by flow.Balance on Component AThe balance on component A iswhere r is the rate of reaction per unit volume.Energy BalanceThe energy balance iswhere Tref represents an arbitrary reference temperature for enthalpy.State Variable form of active EquationsWe can write (1) and (2) in the following state variable form (since dV/dt = 0)where we have assumed that the volume is constant. The reaction rate per unit volume (Arrhenius expression) iswhere we have assumed that the reaction is first-order.Steady-State SolutionThe steady-state solution is obtained when dCA/dt = 0 and dT/dt = 0, that isTo solve these two equations, all parameters and variables except for two (CA and T) must be specified. Given numerical values for all of the parameters and variables we can use Newtons method (chapter 3) to solve for the stead y-state values of CA and T. For convenience, we use an s subscript to denote a steady-state value (so we solve for CAs and Ts). soaring-powered BehaviorWe noted in the previous region that were three unlike steady-state solutions to the shimmy 2 parameter set. Here we wish to study the dynamic behavior under this same parameter set. Recall that numerical integration techniques were presented in chapter 4.The m-file to integrate the modeling equations iscstr_dyn.m, shown in Appendix 2. The command to integrate the equations ist,x = ode45(cstr_dyn,t0,tf,x0)wheret0is the initial time (usually 0),tfis the final time,x0is the initial condition vector.tis the time vector andxis the state variable solution vector. Before performing the integration it is necessary to define the global parameter vectorCSTR_PAR. To plot moreover concentration or temperature as a ferment of time, useplot(t,x(,1))andplot(t,x(,2)), respectively.Initial condition 1Here we use initial conditions that are cl oselipped to the low temperature steady-state. The initial condition vector is conc , temp = 9,300. The draw ins plotted in Figure 2 show that the state variables converge to the low temperature steady-state.Initial condition 2Here we use initial conditions that are close to the intermediate temperature steady-state. The initial condition vector for the solid curve in Figure 3 is conc, temp = 5,350, which converges to the blue temperature steady-state. The initial condition vector for the dotted curve in Figure 3 is conc, temp = 5,325, which converges to the low temperature steady-state.If we perform many simulations with initial conditions close to the intermediate temperature steady-state, we watch that the temperature always converges to either the low temperature or elevated temperature steady-states, but not the intermediate temperature steady-state. This indicates to us that the intermediate temperature steady-state isun inactive. This will be shown clearly by the stable ness analysis in section 5.Initial condition 3Here we use initial conditions that are close to the high temperature steady-state. The initial condition vector is conc, temp = 1,400. The curves plotted in Figure 4 show that the state variables converge to the high temperature steady-state.In this section we have performed several simulations and presented several plots. In section 6 we will show how these solutions can be compared on the same phase plane plot.Linearization of Dynamic EquationsThe stability of the nonlinear equations can be decided by scrapeing the following state-space form and determining the eigenvalues of theA(state-space) hyaloplasm.The nonlinear dynamic state equations (1a) and (2a) arelet the state, and input variables be defined in variance variable formStability AnalysisPerforming the linearization, we obtain the following elements forAwhere we define the following parameters for more compact representationFrom the analysis presented above, the state-spac e A matrix isThe stability characteristics are determined by the eigenvalues ofA, which are obtained by solving det (lI-A) = 0.det (lI-A)=(l-A11)(l-A22)-A12A21=l2-(A11+A22)l+A11A22-A12A21=l2-(trA)l+det (A)the Eigen values are the solution to the second-order polynomiall2-(trA)l+det (A) =0(13)The stability of a particular operate point is determined by pick uping theAmatrix for that particular operating point, and finding the Eigen values of the A matrix.Here we show the Eigen values for each of the three causal agency 2 steady-state operating points.Input / Output Transfer Function AnalysisThe input-output transfer functions can be found fromG(s)=C(sI-A)-1B(14)where the elements of theBmatrix corresponding to the first input (u1 = Tj-Tjs) arethe reader should find the elements of the B matrix that correspond to the second and third input variables (see exercise 8)Here we show only the transfer functions for the low temperature steady-state for case 2. The input/output transfer fu nction relating jacket temperature to reactor concentration (state 1) isand the input/output transfer function relating jacket temperature to reactor temperature (state 2) isNotice that the transfer function for concentration is a pure second-order system (no numerator polynomial) while the transfer function for temperature has a first-order numerator and second-order denominator. This indicates that there is a greater lag between jacket temperature and concentration than between jacket temperature and reactor temperature. This makes physical sense, because a change in jacket temperature must first affect the reactor temperature before touch on the reactor concentration.Phase-plane AnalysisIn section 4 we provided the results of a few dynamic simulations, noting that different initial conditions caused the system to converge to different steady-state operating points. In this section we retrace a phase-plane plot by performing simulations for a self-aggrandising number of initial conditions.The phase-plane plot shown in Figure 6 was generated usingcstr_run.mandcstr.mfrom the appendix. triplet steady-state values are clearly shown 2 are stable (the high and low temperature steady-states, shown as o), while one is unstable (the intermediate temperature steady-state, shown as +). Notice that initial conditions of low concentration (0.5 kgmol/m3) and relatively low-to-intermediate temperatures (300 to 365 K) all converge to the low temperature steady-state. When the initial temperature is increased above 365 K, convergence to the high temperature steady-state is achieved.Now, consider initial conditions with a high concentration (9.5 kgmol/m3) and low temperature (300 to 325 K) these converge to the low temperature steady-state. Once the initial temperature is increased to above 325 K, convergence to the high temperature steady-state is achieved. Also notice that, once the initial temperature is increased to around 340 K, a very high overshoot to above 425 K o ccurs, before the system settles down to the high temperature steady-state. Although not shown on this phase-plane plot, higher initial temperatures can have overshoot to over 500 K before settling to the high temperature steady-state. This could cause potential safety problems if, for example, auxiliary decomposition reactions occur at high temperatures. The phase plane analysis then, is able to point-out problem initial conditions.Also notice that no initial conditions have converged to the intermediate temperature steady-state, since it is unstable. The reader should perform an eigenvalue/eigenvector analysis for theAmatrix at each steady-state (low, intermediate and high temperature) (see exercise 3). You will find that the low, intermediate and high temperature steady-states have stable node, saddle point (unstable) and stable focus behavior (see chapter 13), respectively.It should be noted that feedback control can be used to operate at the unstable intermediate temperature s teady-state. The feedback controller would measure the reactor temperature and manipulate the cooling jacket temperature (or flowrate) to maintain the intermediate temperature steady-state. Also, a feedback controller could be used to make certain that the large overshoot to high temperatures does not occur from certain initial conditions.Understanding Multiple Steady-state BehaviorIn previous sections we found that there were three steady-state solutions for case 2 parameters. The objective of this section is to determine how multiple steady-states might arise. Also, we show how to generate steady-state input-output curves that show, for example, how the steady-state reactor temperature varies as a function of the steady-state jacket temperature.Heat extension and heat removal curvesIn section 3 we used numerical methods to solve for the steady-states, by solving 2 equations with 2 unknowns. In this section we show that it is easy to reduce the 2 equations in 2 unknowns to a singl e equation with one unknown. This will give us physical insight more or less the possible occurance of multiple steady-states.Solving for Concentration of A as a function of TemperatureThe steady-state concentration solution (dCA/dt) = 0) for concentration isWe can rearrange this equation to find the steady-state concentration for any given steady-state reactor temperature, TsSolving for TemperatureThe steady-state temperature solution (dT/dt = 0) isThe terms in (17) are related to the energy removed and generated. If we multiply (17) by VrCp we find thatQrem=QgenEnergy Removed by flow and heat exchange Heat Generated by reactionNote the form of QremNotice that this is an equation for a line, where the autonomous variable is reactor temperature (Ts). The slope of the lineis and the intercept is. Changes in jacket or feed temperature shift the intercept, but not the slope. Changes in UA or F effect both the slope and intercept.Now, consider the Q gen termSubstituting (16) into (20) , we find thatEquation (21) has a characteristic S shape for Q gen as a function of reactor temperature.From equation (18) we see that a steady-state solution exists when there is an ware of the Q rem and Q gen curves.Effect of Design ParametersIn Figure 6 we show different possible intersections of the heat removal and heat generation curves. If the slope of the heat removal curve is greater than the maximum slope of the heat generation curve, there is only one possible intersection (see Figure 6a). As the jacket or feed temperature is changed, the heat removal lines shifts to the left or right, so the intersection can be at a high or low temperature depending on the value of jacket or feed temperature.Notice that as massive as the slope of the heat removal curve is less than the maximum slope of the heat generation curve, there will always be the supposition of three intersections (see Figure 6b) with proper adjustment of the jacket or feed temperature (intercept). If the jacke t or feed temperature is changed, the removal line shifts to the right or left, where only one intersection occurs (either low or high temperature). This case is analyzed in more detail in section 7.3.Multiple Steady-State BehaviorIn Figure 7 we superimpose several possible linear heat removal curves with the S-shaped heat generation curve. Curve A intersects the heat generation curve at a low temperature curve B intersects at a low temperature and is tangent at a high temperature curve C intersects at low, intermediate and high temperatures curve D is tangent to a low temperature and intersects at a high temperature curve E has only a high temperature intersection. Curves A, B, C, D and E are all based on the same system parameters, except that the jacket temperature increases as we move from curve A to E (from equation (7) we see that changing the jacket temperature changes the intercept but not the slope of the heat removal curve). We can use Figure 7 to construct the steady-stat e input-ouput diagram shown in Figure 8, where jacket temperature is the input and reactor temperature is the output. Note that Figure 8 exhibits hysteresis behavior, which was first discussed in chapter 15.The term hysteresis is used to indicate that the behavior is different depending on the direction that the inputs are moved. For example, if we start at a low jacket temperature the reactor operates at a low temperature (point 1). As the jacket temperature is increased, the reactor temperature increases (points 2 and 3) until the low temperature limit point(point 4) is reached. If the jacket temperature is little(a)ly increased further, the reactor temperature jumps (ignites) to a high temperature (point 8) further jacket temperature increases result in slight reactor temperature increases.Contrast the input-output behavior discussed in the previous paragraph (starting at a low jacket temperature) with that of the case of starting at a high jacket temperture. If one starts at a high jacket temperature (point 9) there is a single high reactor temperature, which decreases as the jacket temperature is decreased (points 8 and 7). As we move slighly lower than the high temperature limit point (point 6), the reactor temperature drops (also known asextinction) to a low temperature (point 2). Further decreases in jacket temperature lead to infinitesimal decreases in reactor temperature.The hysteresis behavior discussed above is also known asignition-extinctionbehavior, for obvious reasons. Notice that region between points 4 and 6 appears to be unstable, because the reactor does not appear to operate in this region (at least in a steady-state sense). Physical reasoning for stability is discussed in the following section.Conclusion and future ladderFinally the conclusion is that a small study on the continuous stirred tank reactor and its model equation after going through we come to know its importance in the chemical engineering field and also its significance as a chemical reactorThe future operate is that we have to calculate and prove the equation of the continuous stirred tank reactor using Laplace transformation and check it using the MATLAB he equation of the continuous stirred tank reactor using Laplace transformation and check it using the MATLAB

Searching for Assata :: essays research papers

Searching for Assata     I thought long and hard about the type of creative project I wanted to do for my sex activity & Society class. This project is a really cool one, in which gender and the things I learned in class would be combined. At first, I was going to interview four teenage African-American girls about their experiences about being Black and female in this society. Due to technical difficulties (raggedly camcorder), I was not able to complete that task. Then I thought about doing a feminist critique of Scarlett OHara, the main character from Gone with the Wind scarce that type of thing is for a ten-page paper, not a creative project. Finally, I decided to do a collage depicting the life of Assata Shakur, one of the some wrongly convicted individuals in U.S. history. Her story is a sad chapter in American history, in which the color of her skin, social class, political affiliation, and gender played a parting in her subsequent exile from her ho meland.     On May 2 1973, racial prejudice would change the life of Assata Shakur for ever. An incident of what would now be labeled racial profiling takes place on the New Jersey Turnpike. Ms. Shakur, an active participant in the Black Liberation Army (BLA), was traveling with friends, Malik Zayad Shakur and Sundiata Acoli when estate troopers stopped them, reportedly because of a broken headlight. A trooper explained that they were suspicious because they had Vermont license plates. The three were made to exit the car with their hands up. All of a sudden, shots were fired. When it was all over, state trooper Werner Foerster and Malik Shakur were killed. Ms. Shakur and Mr. Acoli were charged with the deaths of state trooper Foerster and Zayd Malik Shakur. While held in jail, she was shackled and chained to a bed, with bullet wounds still in her chest. She was also forced to permit the jabs of shotgun butts of the New Jersey State troopers and heard their voic es shouting Nazi slogans and threats to her life. In the history of New Jersey state, no female prisoner had ever been treated as she, confined to a mens prison, under twenty-four hour surveillance of her most intimate bodily functions.Ms. Shakur and Mr. Acoli were eventually sentenced to 30 years plus life. Although the verdict was no surprise since it was an all-White jury who convicted them, many questioned the racial injustice of the trial because it was riddled with many human rights violations and constitutional errors.

Diamonds :: essays research papers

A Diamond is one of the two natural minerals that be produced from carbon. The other mineral is Graphite. Even though both of these minerals ar produced from the same element ,carbon, they have totally incompatible characteristics. One of the most(prenominal) obvious difference is that Diamond is hard and Graphite is soft. The Diamond is considered to be the most hardest substance found in nature. It scores a perfect ten in hardness. Because of its hardness a tiny Diamond is used as a supplyting and drilling tool in industry. Even the Greeks called the Diamond adamas which means unconquerable. Diamonds also conducts heating plant better than any other mineral .Diamonds come in several different color shades such as, yellow, blue, green, or pink. One reason why a Diamond has different colors is through the processes involving heat and radiation. Another reason is that 99.5% of a Diamond is Carbon and the rest be different trace elements. These 0.5% of elements are the reason w hy a Diamond has different color shades. For example Nitrogen causes it to have a yellow tint , and Boron a blue shade. The pink color in some Diamonds are thought to be caused by deformation of the atomic structure of the diamond crystal. A pure Diamond , which would be 100% carbon, is colorless Diamonds were created million eld ago, when the earth was formed, the material experienced pressure of 5million times the atmosphere at sea level and temperatures between 10001200degreesC. These conditions caused carbon in the layers inside the artificial satellite to crystallize into diamonds. The diamonds moved up to the earths surface through volcano eruptions. This is why many Diamond mines are near volcanoes. Diamonds occur in two types of rock Kimberlite and Lamprolite. Diamonds are mostly found in South Africa, India, Brazil, Russia, Australia, and Arkansas. Right now about 100million carats are mined each year. Today the largest cut Diamond in the world is the Cullian I at 530.2ct .The unit cell of a Diamond is cube. Five carbon atoms form tetrahedra at the cube corners , at the centers of each of the cube faces, and at four sites within the cube. The carbon atoms are located at the center of each tetrahedron . The carbon tetrahedra are covalently bonded, which explains why diamonds are extremely hard. The toughness of the Diamond comes from four planar directions of weakness , it is called octahedral cleavage .